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\title{Introduction to electronic business practices and associated information technologies with respect to the DoD acquisition processes }
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\styletitle{\uppercase{INTERNET BASED} CAD}
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\stylesubtitle{Mark F. Lobo}
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\stylesubtitle{Masters of Engineering Graduate Student}
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\stylesubtitle{Submitted in Partial Completion of the Requirements of}
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\stylesubtitle{INDEN 5303}
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\stylesubtitle{Advanced Manufacturing Systems Design}
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\stylesubsubtitle{This paper was developed to assist students in
partial fulfillment of course requirements. No warranty of any kind is
expressed or implied. Readers of this document bear sole
responsibility for verification of its contents and assume any/all
liabilty for any/all damage or loss resulting from its use.}
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\styleAbsTitle{\uline{{\large \uppercase{I}nternet based CAD }}}
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\begin{center}
Mark Lobo
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{\raggedright
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\begin{center}
\textbf{\textit{Abstract}}
\end{center}
{\raggedright
Internet technologies are the most powerful engineering tools since
CAD, and will change for the better, the way engineers collaborate and
communicate. The Internet is the perfect infrastructure for
collaborative work, either locally or over a wide area. For most
engineers, such collaboration mainly means the sharing of CAD designs
and technical data. Overstepping the security problems and bandwidth
issues, the plug-in debate and translation tiffs, engineers have found
ways to slash the cycle time and productively use the Internet to
design, share, and communicate as never before.
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
This paper examines how the growth of the Internet and web-based
technologies has resulted in proliferation of web-enabled CAD products.
We will discuss how and why web-enabled CAD systems are regarded as the
next generation of CAD. There will be a section on some of the present
offerings of web-based CAD systems. We will explain the relationship
between Internet based CAD and Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)
philosophies such as Concurrent Engineering and Virtual Partnerships.
Some of the inherent problems related to the Internet spill over to the
web-enabled CAD. We will highlight some critical issues associated with
this technology. Since, Web-based CAD is an emerging technology, we
shall discuss some future trends in this area. We will end this paper
with a brief summary on the various topics covered in this paper.
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
\textit{Keywords}: Internet, Web, CAD, Concurrent Engineering, Virtual
Partnerships, collaborate, bandwidth, security, plug-in, translation.
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
}
\section{INTRODUCTION}
{\raggedright
The Internet is the biggest revolution in CAD/CAM since the advent of
parametric solid modeling [11]
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
Internet technologies are the most powerful engineering tools since
CAD and will change for the better the way engineers collaborate and
communicate. Nothing since the introduction of CAD is expected to have
such widespread impact on the way engineers work. The Web environment
allows us to link information together in an easy and understandable
way. The ability to link formatted Web product information to a design
document, be it a digital sketch or a CAD drawing, is possible today.
The Internet is the perfect infrastructure for collaborative work,
either locally or over a wide area. For most engineers, such
collaboration mainly means the sharing of CAD designs and technical
data. [6, 10]
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
Integrating the Internet into the system is the direction all
CAD/CAM/CAE system vendors are going. Using the Internet as an
extension to a CAD system with browser plug-ins lets the entire project
team and its clients view and manipulate models and drawings in various
Web formats early in the design process. Some systems even dissect the
CAD file and automatically generate a report that displays VRML, HTML
text, and JAVA components of all the part details. Also attached in
these reports are embedded URLs that hypertext link to additional part
and assembly information, topic related Web pages and sites, or even
product data management systems. Developers of CAD systems
simultaneously see the path that engineering is taking and are
providing tools to make collaboration and accessibility happen
immediately. [15]
}
\pagebreak{}
\section{GROWTH OF THE INTERNET}
{\raggedright
Daratech\footnote{ Daratech Inc. is a market research and technology
assessment firm that has specialized in CAD/CAM/CAE. For more
information , refer http://www.daratech.com
}, an industry analysis firm in Cambridge, MA, estimates that the
Internet is expanding at 10\% a month. Web-site registrations at the
InterNIC exceed 1,000 a week; worldwide. Several tens of millions are
on the Net and figures show roughly 50\% of engineering CAD users have
access to the Internet. [6]
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
The Internet's infrastructure, while ever developing, is in place. The
software tools, while still maturing, are available for little money,
even free. The information being shared over it is much of the data you
already have or can generate today.
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsection{So, what's the big deal for engineers?}
{\raggedright
The Internet can be summarized in the following quote
}
{\raggedright
It's really just a big network with a widely used protocol, nothing
more than that. It's a nice way to publish text and graphics. [7]
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
For engineers, it's the way in which \textquotedblleft{}publishing
text and graphics\textquotedblright{} can assist them, and their
organizations, in producing better products faster. The list below
enlists some of the possible uses of the Internet in relation to
engineering design. [6]
}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textit{Improved collaboration}: The Internet allows data to flow
quickly and easily among engineers within an organization and between
manufacturers and vendors.
\item \textit{Increased access to critical data}: Vendors can build web
pages with continually up-to-date parts specifications or even CAD
models of their components, which can be downloaded in minutes
\item \textit{Efficient reuse of Information}: Engineering data can flow
throughout an organization to increase productivity in many other
departments. Shop floor personnel can use a web browser to view a
process plan, taken from engineering drawings, to help build a product.
\end{itemize}
{\raggedright
}
\subsection{So, what is Internet based CAD?}
{\raggedright
Working at a CAD workstation usually consists of three main tasks: [2]
}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Information retrieval
\item Creative design
\item Documentation results
\end{enumerate}
{\raggedright
Throughout all three tasks, the Internet (or at least the technology
the Internet is based on) can provide valuable help. Some of this is
useful today; most will be useful within the near future. Let us
discuss how the Internet plays a role in each of the tasks mentioned
above.
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsubsection{Information retrieval}
{\raggedright
Several manufacturers of technical components have started to provide
their catalogues on the Internet. In contrast to a catalogue in print
or on CD-ROM, an \textit{on-line} catalogue is much easier kept
current. Error corrections and price changes are integrated
immediately.
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
For example, once a design engineer has found a component in an online
manufacturer's catalogues, he/she may want to use it in his/her CAD
drawing or CAD model. Here is where the computer link is much better
than the printed document. Using the right plug-ins, for example, Whip!
from Autodesk\footnote{ Autodesk is a major vendor of midrange CAD
systems. For more information, refer http://www.Autodesk.com
}, the design engineer can pick an AutoCAD symbol (using the
drag-and-drop technology) from the browser window and insert it into
the drawing on his PC. [2, 14]
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsubsection{Creative Design}
{\raggedright
Dragging and dropping the symbols from a browser window is just a
small part of the complete design process. It will not improve the
main, creative task. Where the Internet (resp. the techniques used on
the Internet) becomes interesting within the design process is a joint,
co-operative work. Many projects have grown out of a single designer's
office into larger workgroups. Such a workgroup may consist of multiple
designers within an office, within a department, within a company or
even across many companies.
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
Some CAD packages like AutoCAD Rel. 14 allow users to save or load
symbols or complete drawings from an Internet server. The Web-based CAD
systems allow \textit{\textquotedblleft{}distributed
design\textquotedblright{}}. Several designers work on the same project
at the same time. Before the advent of shared / distributed database
and web browser technology, each designer would have his own database
to work from. [2]
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsubsection{Documentation}
{\raggedright
Documentation of a project's results is the CAD application most
widely used on the Internet today. Once a design project has been
finished, you need to provide the results to other departments or even
to the public. Here the Internet techniques, especially the multi-media
features of modern browser software, show their obvious benefit.
Without the need to install a special software product all over the
company, and without the need to train people, you can display CAD
drawings (and many other kinds of data) with a standard browser. Since
browsers now are a common component on almost any workstation, they
build a standard interface to allow users to view arbitrary data. [2]
}
\pagebreak{}
\section{NEED FOR INTERNET BASED CAD}
{\raggedright
Traditionally, in the CAD world, the design that has been created has
really been locked away in the engineering department. It is becoming
increasingly evident that the amount of people who need to view a
design as opposed to creating a design is 15- or 20-to-1 and they may
be geographically dispersed. In this section, we shall discuss some of
the reasons why web-based CAD is becoming popular today. [5]
}
\subsubsection{Collaborative engineering}
{\raggedright
The Internet cuts across geographical locations, companies,
departments, etc. Companies are using the Internet to accelerate their
time-to-market and push transaction times towards zero. The
understanding on Internet technologies and the simplicity of the
browser interface have really permeated the infrastructure of
organizations \textendash{} enabling total collaboration for the entire
project team. The tools of the Web are navigating the way companies
communicate with each other, outside vendors, and team members across
continents. [5]
}
{\raggedright
}
Success story - Chrysler Corp.
{\raggedright
Chrysler Corp\footnote{ Chrysler Corporation is one of the major
automobile manufacturers. For further information, refer
http://www.chrysler.com
}. has taken a hybrid approach to connecting its extended design team
electronically with its engineers and suppliers. The internal Chrysler
design team is linked, via a classical private Intranet, with some 100
key suppliers, working on basics such as metal stampings or
powertrains. These suppliers can access the CAD files via dedicated
direct-dial-up lines, not operating on TCP/IP. [18]
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
In dealing with actual part suppliers (battery, fuel filter, wire
harness) Chrysler has developed, an initiative called the Chrysler CAD
Exchange (CCX) program. These suppliers have access to pertinent CAD
data placed outside a firewall. This information (drawings, models, and
design information) can be viewed and extracted using a web browser.
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsubsection{Viewing non-native data}
{\raggedright
There is a fast growing trend of offering product data (CAD data and
PDM data) over the Internet. Sub-contractors or small job shops
supplying parts to large OEMs, and not having CAD, have a second option
besides \textit{"biting the bullet"} and buying expensive proprietary
CAD systems. Many ways exist for sharing 3D CAD data developed from
different CAD systems. These ways for sharing/viewing native CAD data
takes the form of standardized / de-facto standard file formats such as
CGM, HPGL, STEP, STL, HTML, JPEG, and VRML. Most web browsers have
in-built plug-ins to view data in these formats. [10]
}
{\raggedright
}
Success story - Litton Guidance and Control Systems
{\raggedright
Litton Guidance and Control Systems, a producer of navigation,
guidance, and control systems for aircraft, missiles, and space launch
vehicles, steers to the rapid prototyping service bureau, Solid
Concepts'\footnote{ Solid Concepts Inc. is one of the most technically
advanced suppliers of rapid prototyping and manufacturing services in
the world. For more information refer http://www.solidconcepts.com
}, SolidView communication tool. Litton develops CAD files in SDRC's
I-DEAS Master Series and Parametric Technology Corp.'s Pro/ENGINEER.
SolidView's view, markup, and measurement features lets anyone with a
web browser manipulate and share 3D CAD data translated in the
Stereolithography (STL) format. With SolidView, the file size becomes
small and easy to manage, and it does not matter what program was used
to create it. [10]
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsubsection{Simultaneous Designing}
{\raggedright
On of the more radical approaches to working over the Internet is the
concept of \textit{\textquotedblleft{}shared design
space\textquotedblright{}}. With this technology, users located
anywhere in the world are able to interact with and make changes to the
exact same product design, simultaneously, over the Internet. Run
through an ISDN line on any Web-enabled platform, participants can
connect to the server that stores the model. [10]
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
With the shared design space technology, viewers can look at the 3D
design and manipulate it any way they want. Where one viewer may be
looking at the mold design, someone else may be studying how a certain
component relates to another, while yet another viewer is seeing the
whole design in tooling.
}
{\raggedright
}
Success story - RKS Design
{\raggedright
RKS Design in southern California needed a tool that would enable its
industrial design team to work collaboratively with its client Smith
Corona, located in New York. By setting up a network between the two
sites, the two companies were able to use the shared space technology
to actually develop printed-circuit board configurations and discuss
where switches, inputs, and actual battery layouts were to go by
feeding suggestions back and forth between RKS Design's designers and
Smith Corona's engineers. \textit{Spider}, a shared space design
software from CoCreate Software Inc.\footnote{ CoCreate Software Inc.
develops mechanical computer-aided-design and product-data-management
software that supports the concept of shared-space design .For more
information, refer http://www.cocreate.com/
}, a mechanical CAD and PDM software developer was used. [10]
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsubsection{Updated information using \textquotedblleft{}pull
technology\textquotedblright{}}
{\raggedright
Sharing files between work teams and customers across the globe is one
of the universal ways that the Internet has influenced many engineering
organizations. Existing forms of shared data may include physical file
transfers using diskettes, email attachments, and file transfer using
protocols such as ftp.
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
Using the pull technology, browsers can pull up the CAD model from a
server having the CAD data. This information can be viewed and
manipulated in the browser window. Unlike the push technology where CAD
models and data were sent to suppliers and vendors, pull technology
allows updated information to be accessed over the Internet. [13]
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsubsection{Interactive catalogs}
{\raggedright
One of the \textit{\textquotedblleft{}low-hanging
fruit\textquotedblright{}} uses of the Internet is locating and using
product manufacturers' information. Manufacturer's web sites are
nowadays similar in style to an electronic brochure. However, the web
is not just an advertising medium. It is an efficient means of
interacting with people who are going to specify and purchase products.
Many manufacturers have put useful product information on their Web
page. By posting a product's specifications and CAD details for
download, a manufacturer can save millions in printing and postage
costs. Product manufacturers are putting up CAD and image details ready
for copy and paste in any format (example .DWG, .DXF, and .GIF). [6]
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsubsection{Virtual product development}
{\raggedright
World Wide Web markets are exploding and electronic commerce is
expected to conquer markets from traditional business. Virtual product
models on the web are a natural extension to previous developments of
modern R\&D, marketing, and sales. Virtual product models on the
Internet simulate product features such as the visual look in three
dimensions and functionality \textendash{} from texture changes to user
interface simulation, and to complete behaviors of product itself. [9]
}
{\raggedright
}
\pagebreak{}
\section{INTERNET BASED CAD \textendash{} WHAT OPTIONS DO WE HAVE?}
{\raggedright
Internet based CAD is slowly maturing as a stable Internet technology.
Many CAD vendors are touting their products as web-enabled. So, what
kind of CAD is presently available today on the Web? In this section,
we shall discuss some of the tools and forms of CAD available on the
Internet.
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsection{Defining the technology}
{\raggedright
Before we explain the different forms of CAD available on the
Internet, we will define some of the terms and technologies we have
referred to / shall refer to in this document.
}
\subsubsection{Plug-in}
{\raggedright
A plug-in is a small program that extends the functionality of another
program. Web browsers (e.g. Netscape Navigator or Internet Explorer)
can utilize plug-ins to enhance their capabilities in fun and useful
ways. [8]
}
\subsubsection{Java}
{\raggedright
Java is a network-oriented programming language developed by Sun
Microsystems which allows World Wide Web pages to contain code that is
executed from the browser. Because Java is based on a single
\textquotedblleft{}virtual machine\textquotedblright{} that all the
implementations of Java emulate, it is possible for Java programs to
run on any system that has a version of Java. [8]
}
\subsubsection{VRML}
{\raggedright
Virtual Reality Modeling Language or VRML is a widely accepted ISO
data format standard to let users run virtual reality over the
Internet. VRML is platform-independent, operates on a desktop computer
instead of on expensive graphics workstations, and requires relatively
little bandwidth. Most major CAD systems offer import/export of CAD
data in VRML format. [3,4]
}
\subsubsection{ActiveX}
{\raggedright
ActiveX is a set of technologies developed by Microsoft that
integrates software components in a networked environment using any
language, including Java. It is Microsoft's replacement for object
linking and embedding (OLE). ActiveX currently runs only under Windows
95/NT, but it is planned to be ported to Macintosh and UNIX. Java
applets can work from within ActiveX. [8]
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsection{2D CAD on the Web.}
{\raggedright
Most of the tools available on the Web are driving 3D designs and
models. However, there are quite a few 2D web-based CAD tools available
on the Internet. In this sub-section, we shall look at Imagineer
Technical from Intergraph Corporation. [12]
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsubsection{Imagineer Technical 2.0}
{\raggedright
Imagineer Technical V2.0 (IT2) is a conceptual design and drafting
tool that encourages collaboration by making it easier to use the
Internet and Intranet. Furthermore, the easy-to-use interface provides
access to powerful tools to make parametric and constraint-based
technical drawing widely available. IT2 extends the reach of today's
technical desktop to a wider audience through its integration of
Microsoft's Internet Explorer. The integration gives faster access to
symbols, sample files, drawings, tutorials, product support, on-line
registration, the Usenet news groups, and live program updates.
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
The browser technology lets users work with data regardless of its
location. It can be docked to IT2's main window or floated above it for
easy access. Users can call up Imagineer documents and symbols from the
browser on the local system, the corporate Intranet, or anywhere on the
World Wide Web. It is easy to publish IT2 documents on the Web with the
ActiveX and Netscape plug-in viewers. Imagineer documents can be saved
in ActiveCGM vector graphics format, and then included in HTML
documents as vector images. Zooming, panning, and scaling of vector
images are possible.
}
{\raggedright
The Figure 1 below is a screen dump from IT2.
}
\begin{center}
\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=286pt]{img0.eps}
\caption{: Imagineer Technical 2.0}\end{figure}
\end{center}
\begin{center}
\end{center}
{\raggedright
In Figure 1 above, opening an IT2 drawing of a piston and connecting
rod assembly in the browser lets users pick a button in an HTML
document in another frame and execute a 14 line VBScript macro to
animate the piston and connecting rod through a full crankshaft
rotation.
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsection{3D CAD for the Web.}
{\raggedright
In the world of true 3D design, the Internet has had only limited
offerings until very recently. The Internet's most common viewing
technology, VRML, offer only very basic 3D viewing and manipulation
capabilities. In this section, we will discuss CATWeb, a popular 3D CAD
systems for the Web. [13, 16]
}
\subsubsection{CATWeb - A new paradigm for accessing CAD data}
{\raggedright
CATIA's new CATweb application server offers capabilities that will
greatly expand the utility of the Internet to the CAD world. With
CATweb, all CATIA information can be made available in seconds, to
anybody, anywhere, at any time. Users can log onto the CATIA server
from any browser, and select and load a CATIA 3D assembly or model for
remote viewing and manipulation. No plug-in is required. Internet
objects attached to these models can even be viewed or executed. This
capability can be used, for example, to do things like: view
installation or maintenance information videos, examine related
documents or outstanding changes, or step through text and graphics
based fabrication or assembly process information.
}
{\raggedright
The Figure 2 below is a screen dump of the CATWeb Navigator
}
\begin{center}
\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=357pt]{img2.eps}
\caption{: CATWeb Navigator}\end{figure}
\end{center}
\begin{center}
\end{center}
{\raggedright
As shown in Figure 2, with IBM/Dassault Systemes ' CATweb Navigator,
users get an exact connection to live CATIA data stored in a database
through any Java-based Web browser\textsf{{\scriptsize }}
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsection{Tools to access CAD data through browser technology.}
{\raggedright
Some of the systems (CAD viewers) we discussed so far are proprietary
and must be purchased and installed to be able to access CAD data on
the Web. In this section, we will focus on some of the tools that are
available at low cost or free, to access CAD data on the Internet.
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsubsection{File formats and CAD}
{\raggedright
The CAD industry has not yet agreed on a common file format for CAD
data, although many standards like STEP and de-facto standards like DXF
exist. Therefore, there are many possible ways to publish CAD drawings
and display them in a browser. CAD data can be published in three basic
forms. [2]
}
\begin{itemize}
\item Vector graphics
\item Drawing formats
\item 3D models
\end{itemize}
\subsubsection{CAD viewers - Browsers with plug-ins }
{\raggedright
Modern browsers like Microsoft's Internet Explorer or Netscape's
Navigator are able to display text and images plus a large number of
additional file formats like sound, movies, or CAD drawings. However,
no browser is able to display CAD drawings when initially installed.
The solution is called \textit{"open architecture".} Third parties can
enhance a browser's capabilities by writing additional software, a
plug-in.
}
{\raggedright
}
Plug-ins for vector graphics
{\raggedright
To allow zooming, the drawing must be saved in some kind of vector
format. The most simple vector format is a plot file. Typical vector
formats of this quality are HPGL, CGM, or SVF. [2]
}
{\raggedright
The most common plug-ins for vector graphics are as shown below in
Table 1
}
{\raggedright
\begin{table}[h]
\vspace{3pt} \noindent
\begin{tabular}{|p{99pt}|p{130pt}|p{175pt}|}
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\centering
\textbf{File format}
} & \parbox{130pt}{\centering
\textbf{Plug-in}
} & \parbox{175pt}{\centering
\textbf{Company}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\raggedright
HPGL/2
} & \parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
Quick View Plus
} & \parbox{175pt}{\raggedright
Inso Corporation
} \\
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\raggedright
} & \parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
Vdraft Internet Tools
} & \parbox{175pt}{\raggedright
SoftSource
} \\
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\raggedright
CGM
} & \parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
KeyView Plug-In
} & \parbox{175pt}{\raggedright
FTP Software
} \\
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\raggedright
} & \parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
Xara Plug-In
} & \parbox{175pt}{\raggedright
Xara Ltd.
} \\
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\raggedright
SVF
} & \parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
WebDGN
} & \parbox{175pt}{\raggedright
Pangaea CAD Solutions, Inc.
} \\
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\raggedright
Future
} & \parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
Future Splash
} & \parbox{175pt}{\raggedright
FutureWare Software, Inc.
} \\
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\raggedright
DWF
} & \parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
Whip!
} & \parbox{175pt}{\raggedright
Autodesk
} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\vspace{2pt}
\caption{: Common plug-ins for Vector graphics}\end{table}
}
\begin{center}
\end{center}
{\raggedright
From the above Table 1, we see that there are a number of plug-ins for
a host of file formats. Most commonly used is the Whip! from AutoDesk
for it's AutoCAD Rel. 14.
}
{\raggedright
}
Plug-ins for drawing formats
{\raggedright
The next step beyond an (intelligent) plot file is a 2D CAD drawing in
its natural file format, e.g. DXF, CorelDraw or AutoCAD DWG. A drawing
file contains a lot of data unnecessary for a browser display. An
AutoCAD .DWG file can easily exceed the size of the corresponding .DWF
file by a factor of 10. For publishing drawings over public networks,
the compressed, dumb file formats are better suited. [2]
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
The most common plug-ins for drawing formats are as shown below in
Table 2
}
{\raggedright
\begin{table}[h]
\vspace{3pt} \noindent
\begin{tabular}{|p{99pt}|p{130pt}|p{175pt}|}
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\centering
\textbf{File format}
} & \parbox{130pt}{\centering
\textbf{Plug-in}
} & \parbox{175pt}{\centering
\textbf{Company}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\raggedright
DXF
} & \parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
Quick View Plus
} & \parbox{175pt}{\raggedright
Inso Corporation
} \\
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\raggedright
} & \parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
Vdraft Internet Tools
} & \parbox{175pt}{\raggedright
SoftSource
} \\
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\raggedright
Corel
} & \parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
KeyView Plug-In
} & \parbox{175pt}{\raggedright
FTP Software
} \\
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\raggedright
} & \parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
Xara Plug-In
} & \parbox{175pt}{\raggedright
Xara Ltd.
} \\
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\raggedright
Microstation DGN
} & \parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
WebDGN
} & \parbox{175pt}{\raggedright
Pangaea CAD Solutions, Inc.
} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\vspace{2pt}
\caption{: Common plug-ins for drawing formats}\end{table}
}
\begin{center}
\end{center}
{\raggedright
Table 2 shows that there is a high number of plug-ins available for
AutoCAD's products. This is essentially because AutoCAD's .DWG, .DXF,
and .DWF are de-facto standards.
}
{\raggedright
}
Plug-ins for 3D models
{\raggedright
The current best solution for displaying CAD data within a browser,
are plug-ins for 3D models. These plug-ins allow the user to rotate the
design, walk through it, light it, or take it apart. Among the file
formats you can find plug-ins for are VRML, ACIS (SAT), and 3D Studio.
3D viewers require high transfer bandwidth and processing speed. [2]
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
The most common plug-ins for 3D-model format are shown below in Table
3.
}
{\raggedright
\begin{table}[h]
\vspace{3pt} \noindent
\begin{tabular}{|p{99pt}|p{130pt}|p{175pt}|}
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\centering
\textbf{File format}
} & \parbox{130pt}{\centering
\textbf{Plug-in}
} & \parbox{175pt}{\centering
\textbf{Company}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\raggedright
SAT
} & \parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
SolidViewer
} & \parbox{175pt}{\raggedright
Spatial
} \\
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\raggedright
3DS
} & \parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
Hyperwire
} & \parbox{175pt}{\raggedright
Autodesk/Kinetix
} \\
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\raggedright
VRML
} & \parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
Cosmo Player
} & \parbox{175pt}{\raggedright
SGI
} \\
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\raggedright
} & \parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
Live3D beta
} & \parbox{175pt}{\raggedright
Paper
} \\
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\raggedright
} & \parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
V-Realm beta6
} & \parbox{175pt}{\raggedright
IDS
} \\
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\raggedright
SolidWorks
} & \parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
SolidWorks 97Plus Viewer
} & \parbox{175pt}{\raggedright
SolidWorks
} \\
\hline
\parbox{99pt}{\raggedright
CATIA
} & \parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
CATweb Navigator
} & \parbox{175pt}{\raggedright
Dassault
} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\vspace{2pt}
\caption{: Common plug-ins for 3D file formats}\end{table}
}
\begin{center}
\end{center}
{\raggedright
Table 3 shows that there are a number of plug-ins available for VRML.
Presently VRML is the de-facto standard for accessing CAD data on the
Web.
}
{\raggedright
}
\pagebreak{}
\section{INTERNET BASED CAD AND COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING
SYSTEMS (CIM) PHILOSOPHIES}
{\raggedright
As we move into the twenty-first century, the market will be
characterized by large variety and a relatively low demand for
individual products. This mass customization, managed through virtual
and highly integrated organizations, will form the prevalent
manufacturing environment. An enterprise-wide integration is the key to
coordinate the host of activities and information required for the mass
customization of products. The goal on Computer Integrated
Manufacturing (CIM) is the integration of all enterprise operations and
activities around a common corporate data repository. In this section
we shall discuss the relation of Internet based CAD and some of the CIM
strategies. [17]
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsection{Definition of CIM}
{\raggedright
Systems, which enable the integrated, rationalized design,
development, implementation, operation and improvement of production
facilities and their output over the life cycle of the product. These
systems identify and use appropriate technology to achieve their goals
at minimum cost and effort.
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsection{Relation of CIM and Internet based CAD}
{\raggedright
We will explain the relation between web-based CAD and CIM with the
following points.
}
\begin{itemize}
\item Integration
\item Rationalized design
\item Cost
\item Effort
\end{itemize}
{\raggedright
}
\subsubsection{Integration}
{\raggedright
The Internet, described as a \textquotedblleft{}network of
networks\textquotedblright{}, helps achieve a high degree of
integration across geographical locations, companies, departments, etc.
}
\subsubsection{Rationalized design}
{\raggedright
The Internet factor in \textquotedblleft{}Internet based
CAD\textquotedblright{} helps provide a rationalized design environment
through highly effective collaborative design environments.
}
\subsubsection{Minimum cost}
{\raggedright
Internet based technologies such as browsers and plug-ins to view CAD
data costs much less than proprietary CAD systems.
}
\subsubsection{Effort}
{\raggedright
Access to the Internet is extremely effortless. Access to CAD data on
web pages is very simple.
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsection{Concurrent Engineering}
{\raggedright
The Internet has taken concurrent engineering one step further,
leading to collaborative engineering and shared design space
technology. We shall see how Internet-based CAD helps achieve the
principal goals of CE.
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsubsection{Definition of Concurrent Engineering}
{\raggedright
Concurrent Engineering (CE) is a systematic approach to the
integrated, concurrent design of products and their related processes,
including manufacturing and support. This approach is intended to cause
the developers, from the outset, to consider all elements of the
product life cycle from conception to disposal, including quality,
cost, schedule, and user requirements.
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsubsection{Relation of Internet based CAD and CE}
{\raggedright
So how does Internet based CAD help achieve CE? This is how.
}
Concurrent design
{\raggedright
Collaborative design and shared design space help achieve integrated
and rationalized design of products and processes when design/project
teams are geographically dispersed. Internet tools have created a
radical change in manufacturing by breaking down the barriers between
design, production, and marketing. Everyone, who needs to, in the
entire corporate structure, can collaborate at each step of the design
process even if they are around the globe. [1]
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsection{Internet-based CAD and the Virtual Enterprise}
{\raggedright
The virtual enterprise concept has been developed as a result of
emerging Internet technologies. Sharing of CAD data among virtual
partners is one of the key issues in managing a virtual enterprise
effectively. In this section, we will discuss briefly how Internet
based CAD aids the functioning of a virtual enterprise.
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsubsection{Definition of Virtual Enterprise}
{\raggedright
Virtual Enterprise involves formation of a seamless integration of
multiple, distinct business entities of a product life cycle using
information technology to execute/produce a specific project or
product.
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsubsection{Relation between Internet based CAD and VE.}
{\raggedright
The VE is characterized by multiple and distinct business entities,
often geographically dispersed. So how does one entity in the virtual
enterprise look up the assembly models created by another entity in the
VE. That's where web-based CAD steps in! We have seen that 3D model
data residing on a remote server can be pulled up through a web browser
and manipulated. Information and data sharing is one of the key areas
that govern the success or failure of the virtual partnership. Using
the Internet based CAD for sharing CAD data, in a virtual enterprise,
helps build effective, virtual partnerships.
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
}
\pagebreak{}
\section{FEASIBILITY STUDIES}
{\raggedright
Internet-based CAD may seem the way to go. However, it does have some
distinctive problems, before it really matures into a stable
technology. We will discuss the economic aspects and problems
associated with this technology.
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsection{Economic considerations}
{\raggedright
Proprietary CAD systems are very expensive. Autodesk's AutoCAD Rel. 14
costs in the range of \$10,000 - \$14,000. OEMs usually use proprietary
CAD systems. If a small job shop must view the CAD model from the OEM,
it could purchase a copy of the proprietary software, purchase a
translator, or download a plug-in from the Internet. The last
alternative is the cheapest and the easiest.
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
As a comparison between proprietary CAD systems, translators, and
plug-ins, let us list the cost of Autodesk products in Table 4.
}
{\raggedright
\begin{table}[h]
\vspace{3pt} \noindent
\begin{tabular}{|p{202pt}|p{195pt}|}
\hline
\parbox{202pt}{\centering
\textbf{AutoDesk product}
} & \parbox{195pt}{\centering
\textbf{Cost in \$}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{202pt}{\raggedright
AutoCAD Rel. 14
} & \parbox{195pt}{\raggedright
17,000.00
} \\
\hline
\parbox{202pt}{\raggedright
AutoCAD's STEP translator
} & \parbox{195pt}{\raggedright
495.00
} \\
\hline
\parbox{202pt}{\raggedright
Whip! Viewer for AutoCAD (.DWF) format
} & \parbox{195pt}{\raggedright
Free \textendash{} downloadable off the Autodesk website
} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\vspace{2pt}
\caption{: Comparison of cost for AutoCAD products}\end{table}
}
\begin{center}
\end{center}
{\raggedright
From the above Table 4, it is evident that web-based technologies are
the way to go. A sub-contractor not having AutoCAD can view the AutoCAD
Rel. 14 file in .DWF format using the Whip!, downloadable from the
Autodesk website for free.
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsection{Limitations to Web-based CAD}
{\raggedright
The Internet has some inherent problems that come to mind as companies
consider moving their CAD data to the Internet. In this section, we
shall discuss some of the hitches in adopting an Internet-based CAD
technology and some of the proposed solutions.
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsubsection{Security}
{\raggedright
The feeling felt by most people about the Internet can be summed up in
the following comment:
}
{\raggedright
The Web scares some people. Engineers don't want to publish things
people can use inappropriately. [7]
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
This presents a dilemma for the Internet community. On the one hand,
the Web permits open access to data. On the other hand, it also permits
open access to data. In general, engineers and companies don't like to
share important data in such a free space.
}
Solutions?
{\raggedright
One solution is to offer different layers of Web access for different
audiences. Extranets and password-protected domains have emerged as
possible solutions. The Web is no less secure than mail or other media.
However, good security features are available for drawings and
messages.
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsubsection{Bandwidth}
{\raggedright
Connection times to the Internet are always the web user's biggest
`Achilles heel'. In addition, massive file sizes of CAD assemblies add
to the problem. Downloading CAD models usually does take a considerable
time, even if the `net traffic' is not too much.
}
{\raggedright
}
Solutions?
{\raggedright
Some companies install dedicated dial-up lines between their locations
and vendor/supplier locations. Increasing the bandwidth also helps a
whole deal. Compression algorithms are being developed for compressing
CAD model and drawings. Using file formats such as VRML also help, as
it decreases file sizes.
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsubsection{\textquotedblleft{}Dumbing down\textquotedblright{} of
data}
{\raggedright
CGM and VRML tend to dumb-down the data a bit. It is impossible to
machine a part directly from the models (in CGM or VRML) or get at the
underlying features, associations, and intelligence as present in most
proprietary CAD systems.
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
The enthusiasm among CAD vendors for the Web seems unbounded. Most of
the large CAD system vendors like PTC strive to make their products a
seamless part of the Web. For example, PTC is developing technologies
to embed Pro/E in HTML based documents. This will enable engineers to
use the associativity and parametric features of Pro/E through a Web
browser, with the host doing all the work. [7]
}
{\raggedright
}
Solutions?
{\raggedright
The Standard for Exchange of Product model data (STEP) grows in
popularity. Most CAD systems offer STEP output as a standard file
format. STEP viewers are being developed that allow users to access CAD
models on the Internet. Users may also edit features, dimensions, etc.
The CAD models can then be converted back to their native file system,
if required.
}
{\raggedright
}
\pagebreak{}
\section{FUTURE TRENDS}
{\raggedright
Web based CAD is presently enjoying plenty of success. Most CAD
vendors have some sort of web-based functionality in their products.
However, development of Internet based technologies are racing ahead.
In this section, we shall discuss some of these new technologies and
how they affect web-based CAD.
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsection{JAVA functionality for CAD systems}
{\raggedright
Data sharing is become the new buzzword for most 2D and 3D CAD vendors
as JAVA technology has become the standard technology for the Internet.
CAD companies already having web-based technology are now jumping on
the Java bandwagon.
}
{\raggedright
SDRC plans to release the next version of its I-DEAS Artisan Series in
December 1998, which will include bi-directional data sharing with
Structural Dynamics' high end Master Series software. Most of the new
tools coming out are 3-D tools.
}
{\raggedright
Mid range CAD leader, Autodesk did not embed the Java Virtual Machine
(JVM) in AutoCAD Release 14, but is offering Microsoft Corp.'s J++
functionality. J++ works with AutoCAD via ActiveX automation and allows
AutoCAD users to program in Java. AutoCAD users will be able to develop
Web-based applications and create Java applets both inside and outside
the AutoCAD development framework. AutoCAD users will be able to share
applications and files created in Java with users that are not using a
CAD program. [5]
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsection{Streaming VRML}
{\raggedright
Streaming is big on the Internet, with its use often tied to media
events and TV shows. Corporate interest in streaming technology started
picking up in the fall of 1996 when RealNetworks released RealAudio
3.0, which allows synchronized audio/Web presentations that support
self-directed training applications. [3]
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
Now streaming technology is available for CAD on the Internet.
Envision3D from Adaptive Media, Inc.\footnote{ Adaptive media develop
innovative software solutions and services for delivering high quality
visual information in real-time to the extended, networked enterprise.
For more information, refer http://www.adaptivemedia.com
}, from Sunnyvale, California does for CAD images what streaming does
for video. It only sends the part of the file a user is viewing and
updates the scene as it unfolds. This spares bandwidth and lets
browser-equipped users interact with complex design systems. The
Envision3D streaming tool uses the VRML standard for animated 3-D Web
content.
}
{\raggedright
}
\subsection{CAD Conferencing}
{\raggedright
Holding a conference over the Internet in real time is a concept the
whole product design team can partake in the comfort of their own
offices. Ultimately, when designing a product, all the team
members-engineering, production, marketing, and sales-are affected by
changes. In addition, unfortunately for some companies, these members
are sprinkled throughout the U.S. or even the world. Collaborating on
design changes can become rather inconvenient and costly. With CAD
conferencing software that works over the Internet, team members can
see 3D designs posted and manipulated on-line in real time or by using
a Web browser such as Netscape Navigator. [1]
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
In some conferencing packages, like C-TAD Systems Inc.'s
LOOK\begin{math}>\end{math}IN, the program is platform-independent.
Over the Internet, participants in the conference are supplied with
various viewing and navigational tools through the simple and
easy-to-use interface of the product that resembles a flight
navigational panel. Conferencing software like
LOOK\begin{math}>\end{math}IN was designed with the whole team in mind
and supplies basic 2D viewing tools for navigation, wireframe and
rendering, cutting planes, and geometric measurements.
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
To start the conference, the conference coordinator executes
LOOK\begin{math}>\end{math}IN on a UNIX workstation and loads a CAD
file in a native CAD file format onto the server. As participants
connect to the server, the 3D model appears on their monitors in the
built-in interface of LOOK\begin{math}>\end{math}IN. Participants watch
the changes being made as the coordinator zooms in, rotates, and
sketches a markup of the model on the screen. Control of the model can
be switched between the coordinator and the participants. Since the
original model cannot be altered, when changes are made, an engineering
change authorization feature of the software lets the coordinator write
"OK" on the screen with a signature. These changes are then printed
out and returned to the designer of the model to make the alterations.
}
{\raggedright
The Figure 3 below, is an example of CAD conferencing
}
{\raggedright
\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[width=432pt]{img3.eps}
\caption{: CAD Conferencing}\end{figure}
}
\begin{center}
\end{center}
{\raggedright
In the Figure 3 above, Silicon Graphics' InPerson desktop conferencing
software lets users see and hear team members as they discuss a 3D
model on the Whiteboard.
}
\pagebreak{}
\section{SUMMARY}
{\raggedright
The Internet \textit{"will be the dial tone of the computer industry
by the year 2000,"} according to a 1996 report by the influential
Gartner Group consulting firm. Given the tremendous growth of the
Internet over the past eight years, few people need an industry analyst
to realize that it is quickly revolutionizing the way we communicate.
In response to the intranet/Web explosion, CAD/CAM vendors are rushing
to support Web technologies in ways that allow users to share CAD data
over Intranets and the Web. Many are implementing tools that allow
push-button publishing of part and assembly models in VRML. Others have
implemented technologies that allow transparent, real time sharing of
engineering and part data over the Intranets and the Web.
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
There are many companies offering Web-based CAD systems. Some are
complex and perform as well as high-end CAD systems. Others are
downloadable from the Internet and are as simple as installing
plug-ins. Whatever the form of system, Web-based CAD systems are
definitely gaining in popularity.
}
{\raggedright
}
{\raggedright
Some of the inherent problems related to the Internet \& CAD data such
as bandwidth and file sizes respectively are being addressed to improve
performance. Newer trends and technologies such as streaming VRML and
CAD conferencing will bring many more converts to the web-based CAD
"fold". Just as the Internet boom continues, so will the web-based CAD
system gain in popularity. Internet-based CAD is here to stay!
}
\pagebreak{}
\section{GLOSSARY OF TERMS}
{\raggedright
\vspace{3pt} \noindent
\begin{tabular}{|p{130pt}|p{283pt}|}
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{CAD}
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{Computer Aided Design}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{CAM}
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{Computer Aided Manufacturing}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{CE}
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{Concurrent Engineering}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{CGM}
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{Computer Graphics Metafile}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{CIM}
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{Computer-Integrated Manufacturing}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{DWF}
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{Drawing Web Format}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{DWG}
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{AutoCAD Drawing}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{DXF}
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{Drawing eXchange Format}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{HTML}
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{Hyper Text Markup Language}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{JPEG}
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{Joint Pictures Expert Group}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{OLE }
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{Object Linking and Embedding}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{PDM}
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{Product Data Management}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{PTC}
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{Parametric Technologies Corporation}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{SDRC}
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{Structural Dynamics Research Corporation}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{STEP}
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{Standard for Exchange Product Model data}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{STL}
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{Stereolithography}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{TCP/IP}
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{URL}
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{Universal Resource Locator}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{VE}
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{Virtual Enterprise}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{VRML }
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{Virtual Reality Modeling Language}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{130pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{WWW}
} & \parbox{283pt}{\raggedright
\styleTableCellText{World Wide Web}
} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\vspace{2pt}
}
\pagebreak{}
\section{BIBLIOGRAPHY}
\begin{enumerate}
\item \styleBibliographyList{Janmarie Knoth, \textbf{"Tools for a
collaborative world"}, Computer-aided Engineering, pages 1-3, April
1997.}
\item \styleBibliographyList{ Dietmar Rudolph, \textbf{"CAD components",
}\href{http://www.cad.ispro.de/cad/English/Compon.html}{http://www.cad.ispro.de/cad/English/Compon.html},
updated as of November 2, 1998.}
\item \styleBibliographyList{Micheal Csegner, \textbf{"Stream on", }Network
World, pages 1-3, Jan 26, 1998.}
\item \styleBibliographyList{Richard Adhikari, \textbf{"Virtually superior",
}Information Week, pages 1-2, Nov. 3, 1997.}
\item \styleBibliographyList{Lee Pender, \textbf{"CAD makers revamp
offerings", }Computer Reseller News, pages 1-3, Jul 27, 1998.}
\item \styleBibliographyList{Mark A. Gottschalk, Paula Porter,
\textbf{"Engineers mime the online world", }Design News, pages 1-4, May
19, 1997.}
\item \styleBibliographyList{Michael Puttre, \textbf{"CAD Vendors wrap
engineers in the World Wide Web", }Design News, pages 1-3, 5, February
17, 1997.}
\item \styleBibliographyList{Tom Arant, \textbf{"View/redlining on the
Internet", }Computer-Aided Engineering, pages 1-3, Sept. 1997.}
\item \styleBibliographyList{Cybelius Software, \textbf{"Virtual product
models in R\&D",
}\href{http://www.cybelius.com/VRadvan.htm}{http://www.cybelius.com/VRadvan.htm}\textbf{,
}updated as of Nov. 2, 1998.}
\item \styleBibliographyList{Janmarie Knoth, \textbf{"Worldwide
collaboration"}, Computer-aided Engineering, pages 1-3, Jan. 1998.}
\item \styleBibliographyList{Deana Colucci, \textbf{"Software: CAD jumps on
the Internet"}, Design News, pages 1-2, Jan. 6, 1997.}
\item \styleBibliographyList{Tony Tanzillo, \textbf{"Concept sketcher and
drawing tool catch the web"}, Machine Design, pages 1-2, Aug. 21,
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\end{enumerate}
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